Applying concrete or mortar through a high-pressure nozzle onto a surface. There are two types: dry-mix shotcrete, where dry materials are mixed with water at the nozzle, and wet-mix shotcrete, where a premixed concrete and accelerator is pumped to the nozzle. It is commonly used in areas where conventional formwork is difficult to use.

Rock bolt is used to reinforce rock in underground construction. It is drilled into the rock and anchored to improve stability and prevent collapses.

Forepole is a temporary support used in tunneling, consisting of a pole driven into the ground ahead of the excavation to stabilize the surrounding rock or soil and prevent collapse during excavation.

Pipe roof is a temporary support used in tunneling and underground construction. It involves placing a series of pipes arranged in a grid pattern across the tunnel opening to provide immediate support and prevent collapse. The pipe roof helps stabilize the tunnel before permanent supports.

NATM (New Austrian Tunnelling Method) is a technique that focuses on using the surrounding rock or soil's natural strength for support. It involves excavation in sections, with continuous monitoring of the ground's behaviour. As the tunnel is excavated, temporary supports like shotcrete, steel mesh and etc. are applied. NATM emphasizes flexibility, adaptability, and real-time ground response to ensure safe and efficient tunnel construction.

Permanent lining works involve the installation of a durable, long-lasting support structure inside a tunnel or underground space. It typically includes materials like concrete and steel to ensure stability, and protect the tunnel from external pressures over its lifespan.

Caisson construction involves excavating inside a watertight caisson as it is lowered into the ground or water. This method is used to create foundations in challenging environments, offering precise control over the depth and positioning of foundations. It ensures stability for large structures and is particularly effective for deep excavation in difficult conditions.